<div>Роль организации «Американские друзья Ближнего Востока» в ближневосточной политике США 1950–1960‑х гг.</div>
<div>The Role of the American Friends of the Middle East in the US Middle East Policy of the 1950s–1960s</div>
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<div><em>Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 22‑78‑10179‑П).</em></div>
<div><em>The research was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 22-78-10179-P).</em></div>
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<div>EDN: QPLZCL; УДК 94(73)</div>
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<div><a href="http://vestnik43.ru/assets/mgr/docs/vgo/2(42) 2026/7.-sennikov.pdf" target="_blank">Полный текст статьи</a></div>
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<div>Сенников Алексей Иванович</div>
<div>Sennikov Aleksey Ivanovich</div>
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<div>кандидат исторических наук, доцент кафедры истории и политических наук, Вятский государственный университет. Россия, г. Киров. ORCID: 0000‑0001‑9329‑2839. ResearcherID: I‑4292‑2018. Scopus Author ID: 57694744000. SPIN‑код: 3759‑1295. E‑mail: <a href="mailto:usr12154@vyatsu.ru">usr12154@vyatsu.ru</a></div>
<div>PhD in History, associate professor of the Department of History and Political Sciences, Vyatka State University. Russia, Kirov. ORCID: 0000-0001-9329-2839. ResearcherID: I-4292-2018. Scopus Author ID: 57694744000. SPIN-code: 3759-1295. E-mail: <a href="mailto:usr12154@vyatsu.ru">usr12154@vyatsu.ru</a></div>
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<div><strong>Аннотация</strong>. Статья посвящена рассмотрению деятельности организации «Американские друзья Ближнего Востока» как компонента политики культурных войн США в рамках идеологического противостояния 1950–1960‑х гг. с СССР в ближневосточном регионе. На примере некоммерческой организации прослеживаются подходы Центрального разведывательного управления к созданию аффилированных организаций, выполнявших «фронтальную» роль в культурной холодной войне. В статье использованы документы из архивов ЦРУ, Государственного департамента, Национального архива США, частных коллекций и фондов, а также периодические и отчетные издания самой организации, что позволяет подробно рассмотреть ее деятельность. «Американские друзья Ближнего Востока» появились в результате совпадения чаяний части американских интеллектуалов и общественных деятелей по сохранению доброжелательных отношений с арабским миром с интересами разведки по продвижению позитивного образа США для противодействия росту советского влияния на периферии холодной войны. ЦРУ сыграло важную роль в создании организации, притом, что ее зарождение происходило на общественных началах. Последнее выразилось в том, что «Американские друзья» оказались одной из ведущих антисионистских сил и в 1950‑е гг. активно боролись с влиянием растущего израильского лобби внутри США. Ряд внешнеполитических неудач Вашингтона в контексте ближневосточных кризисов середины 1950‑х гг. привел к перестановкам в организации, ее большей зависимости от государственных органов, снижению антисионистской пропаганды. С другой стороны, при администрации Эйзенхауэра, заинтересованной в «психологической войне» с СССР, организация была востребована как одно из ее орудий на Ближнем Востоке. С приходом к власти президентов‑демократов Дж. Кеннеди и Л. Джонсона «Американские друзья» утратили привилегированное положение, вынуждены были еще больше снизить публичную активность и встать под плотный патронаж ЦРУ. Вместе с тем роль культурной дипломатии и информационно‑пропагандистских войн при Кеннеди только усиливалась, что позволяло организации оставаться на плаву. Это не спасло ее от преследования произраильскими силами в США, которые стали вскрывать связи организации с госструктурами. В начале 1967 г. «Американские друзья Ближнего Востока» – в эпицентре скандала о спонсировании разведкой пропагандистских культурных организаций в США. Сильным ударом по организации стала третья арабо‑израильская война 1967 г., сведшая на нет многолетние усилия по продвижению позитивного образа США. Однако, как показывают документы, организация смогла пережить эти неурядицы и продолжила существовать в менее публичном и обновленном виде.</div>
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<div><strong>Abstract</strong>. The article is devoted to the activity of the American Friends of the Middle East as a component of the US cultural-warfare policy within the framework of the ideological confrontation of the 1950s–1960s with the USSR in the Middle Eastern region. Using the example of this non-profit organization, the approaches of the Central Intelligence Agency to the creation of affiliated organizations that played a "frontal" role in the cultural Cold War are traced. The article draws on documents from the archives of the CIA, the State Department, the U.S. National Archives, and private collections and funds, as well as periodical and reporting publications of the organization itself, which allows for a detailed examination of its activity. The American Friends of the Middle East emerged as a result of the convergence of the aspirations of part of the American intellectuals and public figures to preserve benevolent relations with the Arab world with the interests of the intelligence services in promoting a positive image of the USA to counteract the growth of Soviet influence on the periphery of the Cold War. The CIA played an important role in the creation of the organization, even though its emergence took place on a voluntary basis. The latter played a role in the American Friends becoming one of the leading anti-Zionist forces, actively fighting in the 1950s against the influence of the growing Israeli lobby within the USA. A number of Washington's foreign-policy failures in the context of the Middle Eastern crises of the mid-1950s led to reshuffles within the organization, to its greater dependence on state bodies, and to a reduction of anti-Zionist propaganda. On the other hand, under the Eisenhower administration, which was interested in a "psychological war" with the USSR, the organization was in demand as one of its instruments in the Middle East. With the coming to power of the Democratic presidents J. Kennedy and L. Johnson, the American Friends lost their privileged position and were forced to reduce their public activity even further and to come under the close patronage of the CIA. At the same time, the role of cultural diplomacy and of information-propaganda wars only strengthened under Kennedy, which allowed the organization to stay afloat. This did not save it from persecution by pro-Israeli forces in the USA, which began to expose the organization's ties with state structures. At the beginning of 1967, the American Friends of the Middle East found themselves at the epicentre of the scandal over the sponsorship by the intelligence services of propaganda cultural organizations in the USA. The Third Arab-Israeli War of 1967 dealt a heavy blow to the organization, nullifying many years of efforts to promote a positive image of the USA. However, as the documents show, the organization was able to survive these troubles and continued to exist in a less public and renewed form.</div>
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<div><strong>Ключевые слова</strong>: «Американские друзья Ближнего Востока», ближневосточная политика США, периферия холодной войны, культурные войны, ЦРУ.</div>
<div><strong>Keywords:</strong> The American Friends of the Middle East, US Middle East policy, the periphery of the Cold War, cultural wars, the CIA.</div>
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